<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset='UTF-8'><meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width initial-scale=1'>
<title>requests</title><link href='https://fonts.loli.net/css?family=Open+Sans:400italic,700italic,700,400&subset=latin,latin-ext' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' /><style type='text/css'>html {overflow-x: initial !important;}:root { --bg-color:#ffffff; --text-color:#333333; --select-text-bg-color:#B5D6FC; --select-text-font-color:auto; --monospace:"Lucida Console",Consolas,"Courier",monospace; }
html { font-size: 14px; background-color: var(--bg-color); color: var(--text-color); font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; }
body { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto; bottom: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; right: 0px; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.42857; overflow-x: hidden; background: inherit; tab-size: 4; }
iframe { margin: auto; }
a.url { word-break: break-all; }
a:active, a:hover { outline: 0px; }
.in-text-selection, ::selection { text-shadow: none; background: var(--select-text-bg-color); color: var(--select-text-font-color); }
#write { margin: 0px auto; height: auto; width: inherit; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; white-space: normal; overflow-x: visible; padding-top: 40px; }
#write.first-line-indent p { text-indent: 2em; }
#write.first-line-indent li p, #write.first-line-indent p * { text-indent: 0px; }
#write.first-line-indent li { margin-left: 2em; }
.for-image #write { padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; }
body.typora-export { padding-left: 30px; padding-right: 30px; }
.typora-export .footnote-line, .typora-export li, .typora-export p { white-space: pre-wrap; }
@media screen and (max-width: 500px) {
  body.typora-export { padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; }
  #write { padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; }
  .CodeMirror-sizer { margin-left: 0px !important; }
  .CodeMirror-gutters { display: none !important; }
}
#write li > figure:last-child { margin-bottom: 0.5rem; }
#write ol, #write ul { position: relative; }
img { max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; }
button, input, select, textarea { color: inherit; font: inherit; }
input[type="checkbox"], input[type="radio"] { line-height: normal; padding: 0px; }
*, ::after, ::before { box-sizing: border-box; }
#write h1, #write h2, #write h3, #write h4, #write h5, #write h6, #write p, #write pre { width: inherit; }
#write h1, #write h2, #write h3, #write h4, #write h5, #write h6, #write p { position: relative; }
p { line-height: inherit; }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { break-after: avoid-page; break-inside: avoid; orphans: 2; }
p { orphans: 4; }
h1 { font-size: 2rem; }
h2 { font-size: 1.8rem; }
h3 { font-size: 1.6rem; }
h4 { font-size: 1.4rem; }
h5 { font-size: 1.2rem; }
h6 { font-size: 1rem; }
.md-math-block, .md-rawblock, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p { margin-top: 1rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; }
.hidden { display: none; }
.md-blockmeta { color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-weight: 700; font-style: italic; }
a { cursor: pointer; }
sup.md-footnote { padding: 2px 4px; background-color: rgba(238, 238, 238, 0.7); color: rgb(85, 85, 85); border-radius: 4px; cursor: pointer; }
sup.md-footnote a, sup.md-footnote a:hover { color: inherit; text-transform: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; }
#write input[type="checkbox"] { cursor: pointer; width: inherit; height: inherit; }
figure { overflow-x: auto; margin: 1.2em 0px; max-width: calc(100% + 16px); padding: 0px; }
figure > table { margin: 0px !important; }
tr { break-inside: avoid; break-after: auto; }
thead { display: table-header-group; }
table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; width: 100%; overflow: auto; break-inside: auto; text-align: left; }
table.md-table td { min-width: 32px; }
.CodeMirror-gutters { border-right: 0px; background-color: inherit; }
.CodeMirror-linenumber { user-select: none; }
.CodeMirror { text-align: left; }
.CodeMirror-placeholder { opacity: 0.3; }
.CodeMirror pre { padding: 0px 4px; }
.CodeMirror-lines { padding: 0px; }
div.hr:focus { cursor: none; }
#write pre { white-space: pre-wrap; }
#write.fences-no-line-wrapping pre { white-space: pre; }
#write pre.ty-contain-cm { white-space: normal; }
.CodeMirror-gutters { margin-right: 4px; }
.md-fences { font-size: 0.9rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; overflow: visible; white-space: pre; background: inherit; position: relative !important; }
.md-diagram-panel { width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; overflow-x: auto; }
#write .md-fences.mock-cm { white-space: pre-wrap; }
.md-fences.md-fences-with-lineno { padding-left: 0px; }
#write.fences-no-line-wrapping .md-fences.mock-cm { white-space: pre; overflow-x: auto; }
.md-fences.mock-cm.md-fences-with-lineno { padding-left: 8px; }
.CodeMirror-line, twitterwidget { break-inside: avoid; }
.footnotes { opacity: 0.8; font-size: 0.9rem; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; }
.footnotes + .footnotes { margin-top: 0px; }
.md-reset { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: top; background: 0px 0px; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; float: none; position: static; width: auto; height: auto; white-space: nowrap; cursor: inherit; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: normal; font-weight: 400; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box; direction: ltr; }
li div { padding-top: 0px; }
blockquote { margin: 1rem 0px; }
li .mathjax-block, li p { margin: 0.5rem 0px; }
li { margin: 0px; position: relative; }
blockquote > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0px; }
blockquote > :first-child, li > :first-child { margin-top: 0px; }
.footnotes-area { color: rgb(136, 136, 136); margin-top: 0.714rem; padding-bottom: 0.143rem; white-space: normal; }
#write .footnote-line { white-space: pre-wrap; }
@media print {
  body, html { border: 1px solid transparent; height: 99%; break-after: avoid; break-before: avoid; }
  #write { margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; border-color: transparent !important; }
  .typora-export * { -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; }
  html.blink-to-pdf { font-size: 13px; }
  .typora-export #write { padding-left: 32px; padding-right: 32px; padding-bottom: 0px; break-after: avoid; }
  .typora-export #write::after { height: 0px; }
}
.footnote-line { margin-top: 0.714em; font-size: 0.7em; }
a img, img a { cursor: pointer; }
pre.md-meta-block { font-size: 0.8rem; min-height: 0.8rem; white-space: pre-wrap; background: rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; overflow-x: hidden; }
p > .md-image:only-child:not(.md-img-error) img, p > img:only-child { display: block; margin: auto; }
p > .md-image:only-child { display: inline-block; width: 100%; }
#write .MathJax_Display { margin: 0.8em 0px 0px; }
.md-math-block { width: 100%; }
.md-math-block:not(:empty)::after { display: none; }
[contenteditable="true"]:active, [contenteditable="true"]:focus { outline: 0px; box-shadow: none; }
.md-task-list-item { position: relative; list-style-type: none; }
.task-list-item.md-task-list-item { padding-left: 0px; }
.md-task-list-item > input { position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1.2em; margin-top: calc(1em - 10px); border: none; }
.math { font-size: 1rem; }
.md-toc { min-height: 3.58rem; position: relative; font-size: 0.9rem; border-radius: 10px; }
.md-toc-content { position: relative; margin-left: 0px; }
.md-toc-content::after, .md-toc::after { display: none; }
.md-toc-item { display: block; color: rgb(65, 131, 196); }
.md-toc-item a { text-decoration: none; }
.md-toc-inner:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.md-toc-inner { display: inline-block; cursor: pointer; }
.md-toc-h1 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 0px; font-weight: 700; }
.md-toc-h2 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 2em; }
.md-toc-h3 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 4em; }
.md-toc-h4 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 6em; }
.md-toc-h5 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 8em; }
.md-toc-h6 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 10em; }
@media screen and (max-width: 48em) {
  .md-toc-h3 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 3.5em; }
  .md-toc-h4 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 5em; }
  .md-toc-h5 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 6.5em; }
  .md-toc-h6 .md-toc-inner { margin-left: 8em; }
}
a.md-toc-inner { font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; }
.footnote-line a:not(.reversefootnote) { color: inherit; }
.md-attr { display: none; }
.md-fn-count::after { content: "."; }
code, pre, samp, tt { font-family: var(--monospace); }
kbd { margin: 0px 0.1em; padding: 0.1em 0.6em; font-size: 0.8em; color: rgb(36, 39, 41); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(173, 179, 185); border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: rgba(12, 13, 14, 0.2) 0px 1px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 0px 0px 2px inset; white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: middle; }
.md-comment { color: rgb(162, 127, 3); opacity: 0.8; font-family: var(--monospace); }
code { text-align: left; vertical-align: initial; }
a.md-print-anchor { white-space: pre !important; border-width: initial !important; border-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; display: inline-block !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important; right: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; background: 0px 0px !important; text-decoration: initial !important; text-shadow: initial !important; }
.md-inline-math .MathJax_SVG .noError { display: none !important; }
.html-for-mac .inline-math-svg .MathJax_SVG { vertical-align: 0.2px; }
.md-math-block .MathJax_SVG_Display { text-align: center; margin: 0px; position: relative; text-indent: 0px; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 100%; width: auto; overflow-y: hidden; display: block !important; }
.MathJax_SVG_Display, .md-inline-math .MathJax_SVG_Display { width: auto; margin: inherit; display: inline-block !important; }
.MathJax_SVG .MJX-monospace { font-family: var(--monospace); }
.MathJax_SVG .MJX-sans-serif { font-family: sans-serif; }
.MathJax_SVG { display: inline; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal; zoom: 90%; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; }
.MathJax_SVG * { transition: none 0s ease 0s; }
.MathJax_SVG_Display svg { vertical-align: middle !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; }
.os-windows.monocolor-emoji .md-emoji { font-family: "Segoe UI Symbol", sans-serif; }
.md-diagram-panel > svg { max-width: 100%; }
[lang="mermaid"] svg, [lang="flow"] svg { max-width: 100%; height: auto; }
[lang="mermaid"] .node text { font-size: 1rem; }
table tr th { border-bottom: 0px; }
video { max-width: 100%; display: block; margin: 0px auto; }
iframe { max-width: 100%; width: 100%; border: none; }
.highlight td, .highlight tr { border: 0px; }
svg[id^="mermaidChart"] { line-height: 1em; }
mark { background: rgb(255, 255, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
.md-html-inline .md-plain, .md-html-inline strong, mark .md-inline-math, mark strong { color: inherit; }
mark .md-meta { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); opacity: 0.3 !important; }


.CodeMirror { height: auto; }
.CodeMirror.cm-s-inner { background: inherit; }
.CodeMirror-scroll { overflow: auto hidden; z-index: 3; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-filler, .CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.CodeMirror-gutters { border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); background: inherit; white-space: nowrap; }
.CodeMirror-linenumber { padding: 0px 3px 0px 5px; text-align: right; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-keyword { color: rgb(119, 0, 136); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-atom, .cm-s-inner.cm-atom { color: rgb(34, 17, 153); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-number { color: rgb(17, 102, 68); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-def { color: rgb(0, 0, 255); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-variable { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-variable-2 { color: rgb(0, 85, 170); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-variable-3 { color: rgb(0, 136, 85); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-string { color: rgb(170, 17, 17); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-property { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-operator { color: rgb(152, 26, 26); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-comment, .cm-s-inner.cm-comment { color: rgb(170, 85, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-string-2 { color: rgb(255, 85, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-meta { color: rgb(85, 85, 85); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-qualifier { color: rgb(85, 85, 85); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-builtin { color: rgb(51, 0, 170); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-bracket { color: rgb(153, 153, 119); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-tag { color: rgb(17, 119, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-attribute { color: rgb(0, 0, 204); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-header, .cm-s-inner.cm-header { color: rgb(0, 0, 255); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-quote, .cm-s-inner.cm-quote { color: rgb(0, 153, 0); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-hr, .cm-s-inner.cm-hr { color: rgb(153, 153, 153); }
.cm-s-inner .cm-link, .cm-s-inner.cm-link { color: rgb(0, 0, 204); }
.cm-negative { color: rgb(221, 68, 68); }
.cm-positive { color: rgb(34, 153, 34); }
.cm-header, .cm-strong { font-weight: 700; }
.cm-del { text-decoration: line-through; }
.cm-em { font-style: italic; }
.cm-link { text-decoration: underline; }
.cm-error { color: red; }
.cm-invalidchar { color: red; }
.cm-constant { color: rgb(38, 139, 210); }
.cm-defined { color: rgb(181, 137, 0); }
div.CodeMirror span.CodeMirror-matchingbracket { color: rgb(0, 255, 0); }
div.CodeMirror span.CodeMirror-nonmatchingbracket { color: rgb(255, 34, 34); }
.cm-s-inner .CodeMirror-activeline-background { background: inherit; }
.CodeMirror { position: relative; overflow: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-scroll { height: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; box-sizing: content-box; background: inherit; }
.CodeMirror-sizer { position: relative; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-filler, .CodeMirror-hscrollbar, .CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler, .CodeMirror-vscrollbar { position: absolute; z-index: 6; display: none; }
.CodeMirror-vscrollbar { right: 0px; top: 0px; overflow: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-hscrollbar { bottom: 0px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler { right: 0px; bottom: 0px; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-filler { left: 0px; bottom: 0px; }
.CodeMirror-gutters { position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; padding-bottom: 30px; z-index: 3; }
.CodeMirror-gutter { white-space: normal; height: 100%; box-sizing: content-box; padding-bottom: 30px; margin-bottom: -32px; display: inline-block; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-wrapper { position: absolute; z-index: 4; background: 0px 0px !important; border: none !important; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-background { position: absolute; top: 0px; bottom: 0px; z-index: 4; }
.CodeMirror-gutter-elt { position: absolute; cursor: default; z-index: 4; }
.CodeMirror-lines { cursor: text; }
.CodeMirror pre { border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; background: 0px 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px; white-space: pre; overflow-wrap: normal; color: inherit; z-index: 2; position: relative; overflow: visible; }
.CodeMirror-wrap pre { overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: normal; }
.CodeMirror-code pre { border-right: 30px solid transparent; width: fit-content; }
.CodeMirror-wrap .CodeMirror-code pre { border-right: none; width: auto; }
.CodeMirror-linebackground { position: absolute; left: 0px; right: 0px; top: 0px; bottom: 0px; z-index: 0; }
.CodeMirror-linewidget { position: relative; z-index: 2; overflow: auto; }
.CodeMirror-wrap .CodeMirror-scroll { overflow-x: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-measure { position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-measure pre { position: static; }
.CodeMirror div.CodeMirror-cursor { position: absolute; visibility: hidden; border-right: none; width: 0px; }
.CodeMirror div.CodeMirror-cursor { visibility: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-focused div.CodeMirror-cursor { visibility: inherit; }
.cm-searching { background: rgba(255, 255, 0, 0.4); }
@media print {
  .CodeMirror div.CodeMirror-cursor { visibility: hidden; }
}


:root {
    --side-bar-bg-color: #fafafa;
    --control-text-color: #777;
}

@include-when-export url(https://fonts.loli.net/css?family=Open+Sans:400italic,700italic,700,400&subset=latin,latin-ext);

html {
    font-size: 16px;
}

body {
    font-family: "Open Sans","Clear Sans","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
    color: rgb(51, 51, 51);
    line-height: 1.6;
}

#write {
    max-width: 860px;
  	margin: 0 auto;
  	padding: 30px;
    padding-bottom: 100px;
}
#write > ul:first-child,
#write > ol:first-child{
    margin-top: 30px;
}

a {
    color: #4183C4;
}
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
h5,
h6 {
    position: relative;
    margin-top: 1rem;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    font-weight: bold;
    line-height: 1.4;
    cursor: text;
}
h1:hover a.anchor,
h2:hover a.anchor,
h3:hover a.anchor,
h4:hover a.anchor,
h5:hover a.anchor,
h6:hover a.anchor {
    text-decoration: none;
}
h1 tt,
h1 code {
    font-size: inherit;
}
h2 tt,
h2 code {
    font-size: inherit;
}
h3 tt,
h3 code {
    font-size: inherit;
}
h4 tt,
h4 code {
    font-size: inherit;
}
h5 tt,
h5 code {
    font-size: inherit;
}
h6 tt,
h6 code {
    font-size: inherit;
}
h1 {
    padding-bottom: .3em;
    font-size: 2.25em;
    line-height: 1.2;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
h2 {
   padding-bottom: .3em;
    font-size: 1.75em;
    line-height: 1.225;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
h3 {
    font-size: 1.5em;
    line-height: 1.43;
}
h4 {
    font-size: 1.25em;
}
h5 {
    font-size: 1em;
}
h6 {
   font-size: 1em;
    color: #777;
}
p,
blockquote,
ul,
ol,
dl,
table{
    margin: 0.8em 0;
}
li>ol,
li>ul {
    margin: 0 0;
}
hr {
    height: 2px;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 16px 0;
    background-color: #e7e7e7;
    border: 0 none;
    overflow: hidden;
    box-sizing: content-box;
}

li p.first {
    display: inline-block;
}
ul,
ol {
    padding-left: 30px;
}
ul:first-child,
ol:first-child {
    margin-top: 0;
}
ul:last-child,
ol:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}
blockquote {
    border-left: 4px solid #dfe2e5;
    padding: 0 15px;
    color: #777777;
}
blockquote blockquote {
    padding-right: 0;
}
table {
    padding: 0;
    word-break: initial;
}
table tr {
    border-top: 1px solid #dfe2e5;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}
table tr:nth-child(2n),
thead {
    background-color: #f8f8f8;
}
table tr th {
    font-weight: bold;
    border: 1px solid #dfe2e5;
    border-bottom: 0;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 6px 13px;
}
table tr td {
    border: 1px solid #dfe2e5;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 6px 13px;
}
table tr th:first-child,
table tr td:first-child {
    margin-top: 0;
}
table tr th:last-child,
table tr td:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.CodeMirror-lines {
    padding-left: 4px;
}

.code-tooltip {
    box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(0,28,36,.3);
    border-top: 1px solid #eef2f2;
}

.md-fences,
code,
tt {
    border: 1px solid #e7eaed;
    background-color: #f8f8f8;
    border-radius: 3px;
    padding: 0;
    padding: 2px 4px 0px 4px;
    font-size: 0.9em;
}

code {
    background-color: #f3f4f4;
    padding: 0 2px 0 2px;
}

.md-fences {
    margin-bottom: 15px;
    margin-top: 15px;
    padding-top: 8px;
    padding-bottom: 6px;
}


.md-task-list-item > input {
  margin-left: -1.3em;
}

@media print {
    html {
        font-size: 13px;
    }
    table,
    pre {
        page-break-inside: avoid;
    }
    pre {
        word-wrap: break-word;
    }
}

.md-fences {
	background-color: #f8f8f8;
}
#write pre.md-meta-block {
	padding: 1rem;
    font-size: 85%;
    line-height: 1.45;
    background-color: #f7f7f7;
    border: 0;
    border-radius: 3px;
    color: #777777;
    margin-top: 0 !important;
}

.mathjax-block>.code-tooltip {
	bottom: .375rem;
}

.md-mathjax-midline {
    background: #fafafa;
}

#write>h3.md-focus:before{
	left: -1.5625rem;
	top: .375rem;
}
#write>h4.md-focus:before{
	left: -1.5625rem;
	top: .285714286rem;
}
#write>h5.md-focus:before{
	left: -1.5625rem;
	top: .285714286rem;
}
#write>h6.md-focus:before{
	left: -1.5625rem;
	top: .285714286rem;
}
.md-image>.md-meta {
    /*border: 1px solid #ddd;*/
    border-radius: 3px;
    padding: 2px 0px 0px 4px;
    font-size: 0.9em;
    color: inherit;
}

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<div  id='write'  class = 'is-node'><h1><a name="python-requests" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>Python requests</span></h1><div class='md-toc' mdtype='toc'><p class="md-toc-content" role="list"><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h1" data-ref="n0"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#python-requests">Python requests</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n4"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#发送请求">发送请求</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n7"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#打印完整的报文">打印完整的报文</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n9"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#hook">hook</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n13"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#响应">响应</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n41"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#下载二进制文件">下载二进制文件</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n43"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#网站重定向">网站重定向</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n48"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#ssl证书验证">SSL证书验证</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h3" data-ref="n49"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#验证服务器">验证服务器</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h3" data-ref="n52"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#验证客户端">验证客户端</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n54"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#异常">异常</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n57"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#上传数据-post">上传数据 post</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n59"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#cookies">cookies</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h2" data-ref="n63"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#代理设置">代理设置  </a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h3" data-ref="n64"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#设置普通代理">设置普通代理</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h3" data-ref="n66"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#设置带有用户名和密码的代理">设置带有用户名和密码的代理</a></span><span role="listitem" class="md-toc-item md-toc-h3" data-ref="n68"><a class="md-toc-inner" href="#设置socks代理">设置socks代理</a></span></p></div><p><a href='http://docs.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/'><span>官方文档</span></a></p><h2><a name="发送请求" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>发送请求</span></h2><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">headers</span>={</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.167 Safari/537.36'</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">}</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># params是get请求是发送的数据，也可以不用params参数，而把网址修改为</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># http://httpbin.org/get?name=Tom</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">response</span>=<span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'http://httpbin.org/get'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">params</span>={<span class="cm-string">'name'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'Tom'</span>}, <span class="cm-variable">headers</span>=<span class="cm-variable">headers</span>, <span class="cm-variable">timeout</span>=<span class="cm-number">5</span>, <span class="cm-variable">verify</span>=<span class="cm-keyword">False</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 207px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 207px;"></div></div></div></pre><p><span>请求发送完毕后，requests的连接也就关闭了，除非将get函数的stream参数设置为True</span><br/><span>此时需要等待请求数据被全部读取或者手动调用response.close()才能关闭</span><br/><strong><span>好在response支是上下文管理器</span></strong></p><h2><a name="打印完整的报文" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>打印完整的报文</span></h2><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">from</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests_toolbelt</span>.<span class="cm-property">utils</span> <span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">dump</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">resp</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'https://httpbin.org/redirect/5'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">data</span> = <span class="cm-variable">dump</span>.<span class="cm-property">dump_all</span>(<span class="cm-variable">resp</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">data</span>.<span class="cm-property">decode</span>(<span class="cm-string">'utf-8'</span>))</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 115px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 115px;"></div></div></div></pre><h2><a name="hook" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>hook</span></h2><p><span>可以给请求挂上钩子来操控请求的过程，比如</span></p><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">def</span> <span class="cm-def">callback</span>(<span class="cm-variable">r</span>,<span class="cm-operator">**</span><span class="cm-variable">kwargs</span>):</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-keyword">pass</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'https://www.baidu.com'</span>,<span class="cm-variable">hooks</span>={<span class="cm-string">'response'</span>:<span class="cm-variable">callback</span>})</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 92px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 92px;"></div></div></div></pre><p><span>hooks字典的key是有规定的，response指的是在请求结束后回调（其实我目前只见过response，不知道其他还有啥）</span><br/><span>response指定的回调函数接收的第一个参数是请求结果response对象，</span><code>**kwargs</code><span>是请求中传入的关键字参数，比如timeout（其实就是请求中传入的</span><code>**kwargs</code><span>）</span><br/><span>requests的请求会自动添加一些关键字参数，所以</span><code>**kwargs</code><span>永不为空</span><br/><span>官方文档中的回调函数的参数列表是</span><code>r, *args, **kwargs</code><span>，我发现</span><code>*args</code><span>是空的，没有参数传进来  </span></p><h2><a name="响应" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>响应</span></h2><ul><li><code>response.encoding : str</code><span> : 当前响应体使用的编码，改变它的话，当访问响应体时将使用新的编码  </span></li><li><code>response.text : str</code><span> : 以文本的形式访问响应体</span></li><li><code>response.content : bytes</code><span> : 以字节形式访问响应体，text等效于</span><code>response.content.decode(response.encoding)</code><span>  </span></li><li><code>response.iter_content(chunk_size)</code><span>：如果响应的内容太大，比如下载文件时。chunk_size的单位是bytes。使用该方法必须保证requests的get函数中的stream参数为True</span></li><li><code>response.iter_lines(chunk_size)</code></li><li><code>response.status_code</code><span> : int : 状态码，除了判断它是否是200外，还可以用requests.codes.ok来判断，这个requests.codes里面定义了所有的状态码  </span></li><li><code>response.ok : bool</code><span> : 并不能代表请求的网页被顺利打开，因为网址被重定向后，这个ok也会是True</span></li><li><code>response.reason : str</code><span> : 返回状态的原因，如果是200，这个就是‘OK’</span></li><li><code>response.headers : requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict</code><span> :  是一种字典，因为响应头中的数据也是键值对</span></li><li><code>response.url : str</code><span> : 请求的网址</span></li><li><code>response.history : list</code><span> : 重定向历史</span></li><li><code>response.cookies : requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar</code></li><li><code>response.json()</code><span> ： 响应内容是json的话，根据它得到</span><strong><span>dict</span></strong><span>对象</span></li><li><code>response.request</code><span>：本次请求中的一些信息，resquest对象包含如下属性：method:str、url:str、headers:dict、</span><code>_cookies</code><span>:RequestsCookieJar、body:bytes、hooks:doct、</span><code>_body_position</code></li></ul><h2><a name="下载二进制文件" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>下载二进制文件</span></h2><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">headers</span>={</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.167 Safari/537.36'</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">}</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">response</span>=<span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/5901754-2e680e38f1042190.jpg'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">headers</span>=<span class="cm-variable">headers</span>, <span class="cm-variable">timeout</span>=<span class="cm-number">5</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 如果仅仅需要简单的下载的话，直接用二进制打开一个文件，把content写进去就可以了</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">with</span> <span class="cm-builtin">open</span>(<span class="cm-string">'test.jpg'</span>, <span class="cm-string">'wb'</span>) <span class="cm-keyword">as</span> <span class="cm-variable">picture</span>:</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-variable">picture</span>.<span class="cm-property">write</span>(<span class="cm-variable">response</span>.<span class="cm-property">content</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 253px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 253px;"></div></div></div></pre><h2><a name="网站重定向" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>网站重定向</span></h2><p><span>有些时候输入一个网址后会调到另一个网址，比如输入</span><code>http://baidu.com</code><span>会自动跳转到</span><code>http://www.baidu.com</code><span>，这些跳转的历史会保存在response.history这个list中</span></p><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python" style="break-inside: unset;"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">headers</span>={</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.167 Safari/537.36'</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">}</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">response</span>=<span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'http://baidu.com'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">headers</span>=<span class="cm-variable">headers</span>, <span class="cm-variable">timeout</span>=<span class="cm-number">5</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">response</span>.<span class="cm-property">url</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">response</span>.<span class="cm-property">history</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">response</span>.<span class="cm-property">history</span>[<span class="cm-number">0</span>].<span class="cm-property">url</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 输出</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># https://www.baidu.com/</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># [&lt;Response [302]&gt;]</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># http://baidu.com/</span></span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 345px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 345px;"></div></div></div></pre><p><span>如果要禁止跳转，可以在请求中加参数</span><br/><strong><span>只能禁止永久跳转（响应状态码301），但是不能禁止暂时跳转（响应状态码302）</span></strong></p><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">r</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'http://github.com'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">allow_redirects</span>=<span class="cm-keyword">False</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 23px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 23px;"></div></div></div></pre><h2><a name="ssl证书验证" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>SSL证书验证</span></h2><h3><a name="验证服务器" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>验证服务器</span></h3><p><span>requests自带火狐CA证书库，对于一些常见的https网站，可以直接认证通过的</span></p><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">from</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">packages</span> <span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">urllib3</span> &nbsp;</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span> &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 关闭警告</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">urllib3</span>.<span class="cm-property">disable_warnings</span>()</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 不进行证书校验</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">response</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'https://www.12306.cn'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">verify</span>=<span class="cm-keyword">False</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 设置本地证书 &nbsp;</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">response</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'https://www.12306.cn'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">verify</span>=<span class="cm-string">'/path/crt'</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 230px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 230px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name="验证客户端" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>验证客户端</span></h3><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># pem中包含了未加密的私钥，和客户端CA证书</span></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">post</span>(<span class="cm-variable">url</span>=<span class="cm-variable">url</span>,<span class="cm-variable">data</span>=<span class="cm-variable">data</span>,<span class="cm-variable">cert</span>=<span class="cm-string">'path/xxx.pem'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 私钥可CA证书也可以分开存储在不同的文件中</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">post</span>(<span class="cm-variable">url</span>=<span class="cm-variable">url</span>,<span class="cm-variable">data</span>=<span class="cm-variable">data</span>,<span class="cm-variable">cert</span>=(<span class="cm-string">'path/crt.pem'</span>,<span class="cm-string">'path/key.pem'</span>))</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 92px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 92px;"></div></div></div></pre><h2><a name="异常" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>异常</span></h2><p><span>所有异常都继承自</span><code>requests.exceptions.RequestException</code><span></span><br/><span>异常中包含了request和response，但是这两个数据可能是None，继承自RequestException的异常类中除了</span><code>__doc__</code><span>外啥都没写，所以要查询异常的信息的话就用</span></p><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">except</span> <span class="cm-variable">RequestException</span> <span class="cm-keyword">as</span> <span class="cm-variable">e</span>:</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">e</span>.<span class="cm-property">__doc__</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 46px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 46px;"></div></div></div></pre><h2><a name="上传数据-post" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>上传数据 post</span></h2><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python" style="break-inside: unset;"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># x-www-form-urlencoded</span></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 设置header的content-type是application/x-www-form-urlencoded</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">data</span> =<span class="cm-string">'name=%E7%8B%97%E7%8B%97'</span>.<span class="cm-property">encode</span>(<span class="cm-string">'utf-8'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">r</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">post</span>(<span class="cm-string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">data</span>=<span class="cm-variable">data</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">from</span> <span class="cm-variable">urllib</span>.<span class="cm-property">parse</span> <span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">urlencode</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">data</span>={</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">'name'</span>:<span class="cm-string">'Tom'</span>,</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">'password'</span>:<span class="cm-string">'Admin@123'</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">}</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">r</span>=<span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">post</span>(<span class="cm-string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">data</span>=<span class="cm-variable">urlencode</span>(<span class="cm-variable">data</span>))</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># json</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 设置header的content-type为application/json</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># data参数支持的对象类型为 Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 不支持字符串，所以使用字符串的话，需要编码成bytes</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">data</span>=<span class="cm-string">'{"j":"json"}'</span>.<span class="cm-property">encode</span>(<span class="cm-string">'utf-8'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 或者直接使用dict</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">data</span>={<span class="cm-string">'j'</span>:<span class="cm-string">'json'</span>}</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">r</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">post</span>(<span class="cm-string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">data</span>=<span class="cm-variable">data</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment">#还有一种方式是使用json参数，它支持str和dict类型的对象</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">r</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">post</span>(<span class="cm-string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">json</span>=<span class="cm-string">'{"j":"json"}'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># xml</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 手动指定content-type为application/xml或者是text/xml</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">data</span>=<span class="cm-string">'&lt;xml&gt;xml&lt;/xml&gt;'</span>.<span class="cm-property">encode</span>(<span class="cm-string">'utf-8'</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">r</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">post</span>(<span class="cm-string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">data</span>=<span class="cm-variable">data</span>)</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># multipart/form-data</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 不要手动设置header的content-type为multipart/form-data，要让requests自动添加。因为没有办法手动在headers和body中同时设置boundary，只能靠requests自动生成。</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># filename中不要有斜杠</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">files</span> = {</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">"field1"</span> : (<span class="cm-string">"filename1"</span>, <span class="cm-builtin">open</span>(<span class="cm-string">"filePath1"</span>, <span class="cm-string">"rb"</span>)),</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">"field2"</span> : (<span class="cm-string">"filename2"</span>, <span class="cm-builtin">open</span>(<span class="cm-string">"filePath2"</span>, <span class="cm-string">"rb"</span>), <span class="cm-string">"image/jpeg"</span>),</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">"field3"</span> : (<span class="cm-string">"filename3"</span>, <span class="cm-builtin">open</span>(<span class="cm-string">"filePath3"</span>, <span class="cm-string">"rb"</span>), <span class="cm-string">"image/jpeg"</span>, {<span class="cm-string">"refer"</span> :<span class="cm-string">"localhost"</span>})</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">}</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># files的格式为 files = {'name': (&lt;filename&gt;, &lt;file object&gt;,&lt;content type&gt;, &lt;custom_headers&gt;)}</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 对应http消息体</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># Content-Disposition: form-data; name=’name’;filename=&lt;filename&gt;</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># Content-Type: &lt;content type&gt;</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># &lt;file object&gt;</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># --boundary</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 如果上传的是文本的话&lt;filename&gt;可以直接为None，然后在&lt;file object&gt;中传入一个字符串即可</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">r</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">post</span>(<span class="cm-string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">files</span>=<span class="cm-variable">files</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 1104px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 1104px;"></div></div></div></pre><h2><a name="cookies" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>cookies</span></h2><p><span>response的headers是</span><code>Set-Cookie</code><span>字段告诉浏览器，哪些数据要写在cookies中，下次请求的时候带上</span><br/><span>最简单的方式就是用浏览器登录，然后查看浏览器的request中的cookies，复制下来就行了。</span></p><p><strong><span>使用session可以在下次请求时自动带上cookie</span></strong><span>。</span></p><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span></span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">headers</span> = {</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-comment"># 也可以使用get方法的cookies关键字参数，不过那样需要构建一个RequestsCookieJar对象比较麻烦</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">'Cookie'</span>: <span class="cm-string">r'xxxxxxxxxx'</span>,</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="cm-string">r'xxxxxxxxxxxx'</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">}</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span cm-text="">​</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">response</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">'https://www.zhihu.com/'</span>, <span class="cm-variable">headers</span>=<span class="cm-variable">headers</span>)</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 207px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 207px;"></div></div></div></pre><h2><a name="代理设置" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>代理设置  </span></h2><h3><a name="设置普通代理" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>设置普通代理</span></h3><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span> &nbsp;</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">proxies</span> = { &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">"http"</span>: <span class="cm-string">"http://127.0.0.1:9743"</span>, &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">"https"</span>: <span class="cm-string">"https://127.0.0.1:9743"</span>, &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">} &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-comment"># 往请求中设置代理(proxies) &nbsp;</span></span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">response</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">"https://www.taobao.com"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">proxies</span>=<span class="cm-variable">proxies</span>) &nbsp;</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 184px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 184px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name="设置带有用户名和密码的代理" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>设置带有用户名和密码的代理</span></h3><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span> &nbsp;</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">proxies</span> = { &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">"http"</span>: <span class="cm-string">"http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/"</span>, &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">} &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">response</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">"https://www.taobao.com"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">proxies</span>=<span class="cm-variable">proxies</span>) &nbsp;</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 138px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 138px;"></div></div></div></pre><h3><a name="设置socks代理" class="md-header-anchor"></a><span>设置socks代理</span></h3><p><span>pip install requests[socks]</span><br/><span>配合使用shadowsocks，成功访问Google</span></p><pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="python"><div class="CodeMirror cm-s-inner CodeMirror-wrap" lang="python"><div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 3px; height: 0px; top: 0px; left: 8px;"><textarea autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; bottom: -1em; padding: 0px; width: 1000px; height: 1em; outline: none;"></textarea></div><div class="CodeMirror-scrollbar-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-filler" cm-not-content="true"></div><div class="CodeMirror-scroll" tabindex="-1"><div class="CodeMirror-sizer" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px;"><div class="CodeMirror-lines" role="presentation"><div role="presentation" style="position: relative; outline: none;"><div class="CodeMirror-measure"><pre><span>xxxxxxxxxx</span></pre></div><div class="CodeMirror-measure"></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-code" role="presentation" style=""><div class="CodeMirror-activeline" style="position: relative;"><div class="CodeMirror-activeline-background CodeMirror-linebackground"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutter-background CodeMirror-activeline-gutter" style="left: 0px; width: 0px;"></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-keyword">import</span> <span class="cm-variable">requests</span> &nbsp;</span></pre></div><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">proxies</span> = { &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">'http'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742'</span>, &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="cm-string">'https'</span>: <span class="cm-string">'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742'</span> &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;">} &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-variable">response</span> = <span class="cm-variable">requests</span>.<span class="cm-property">get</span>(<span class="cm-string">"https://www.taobao.com"</span>, <span class="cm-variable">proxies</span>=<span class="cm-variable">proxies</span>) &nbsp;</span></pre><pre class=" CodeMirror-line " role="presentation"><span role="presentation" style="padding-right: 0.1px;"><span class="cm-builtin">print</span>(<span class="cm-variable">response</span>.<span class="cm-property">status_code</span>) &nbsp;</span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div style="position: absolute; height: 0px; width: 1px; border-bottom: 0px solid transparent; top: 184px;"></div><div class="CodeMirror-gutters" style="display: none; height: 184px;"></div></div></div></pre></div>
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